DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
RF and Mixed Signal Circuits for a DVB-H ReceiverRFIC-IUMA
This document presents the design of RF and mixed signal circuits for a DVB-H receiver. It describes the low noise amplifier, mixer, synthesizer, and ADC circuits. The LNA uses a cascode configuration to achieve low power and noise with wide bandwidth. The mixer uses a Gilbert cell. The VCO employs techniques like emitter degeneration and capacitor divider to improve phase noise and amplitude. Two ADC structures are presented, including a delta sigma ADC. Measurements and simulations show the circuits meet requirements for a DVB-H receiver in terms of frequency range, sensitivity, noise figure, linearity, phase noise, gain and dynamic range.
A BICMOS chipset for a DVB-H front-end receiverRFIC-IUMA
This document describes a BiCMOS chipset for a DVB-H front-end receiver implemented in a 0.35 μm BiCMOS process. Key components include a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a minimum gain of 13 dB and noise figure of 3 dB, a mixer with conversion gain of 10.7 dB and maximum noise figure of 22.5 dB, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) that oscillates from 1085 MHz to 1766 MHz with a phase noise of -112 dBc/Hz. Measurement results show the LNA/mixer combination achieves a conversion gain of 28.5 dB and total noise figure of 8.4 dB. In addition, a synthesizer for the DVB
The document describes an analog baseband chain for a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) receiver implemented in a 130nm CMOS technology. The baseband chain consists of a three-stage Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA), a 5th-order gm-C Low Pass Filter (LPF), and an Output Buffer (OBUF). The VGA provides a tunable gain range of 25-34dB. The LPF has a programmable bandwidth of 120-190MHz and provides an additional 8dB of gain. Together, the baseband chain achieves 4nV/√Hz of input-referred noise density and -42dBV of in-band IIP3. The chain occupies
This white paper discusses the migration from DVB-S to DVB-S2 satellite communication standards and the related efficiencies. DVB-S2 provides improved forward error correction using LDPC coding, which allows for a 30% increase in bandwidth efficiency over DVB-S. This efficiency gain can be used to support more users within an existing bandwidth allocation or reduce the bandwidth needed to support the same number of users. The paper provides an example where migrating from DVB-S to DVB-S2 reduces the monthly operating expense for a satellite transmission by 30% by needing less bandwidth to support all users within the satellite footprint.
The EC200 is a dual-channel LonWorks BMS interface that allows a Cooper fire network to communicate with a building management system (BMS). It translates pre-configured network variables from the Cooper fire network to unconfigured variables that can be bound to a BMS. The gateway has two channels, with channel 1 connecting to the Cooper fire network and channel 2 connecting to the BMS. It uses Echelon transceivers for communication and has a compact DIN rail mounting enclosure.
Radionet Communications provides capabilities in land mobile radio systems including tuning, testing, and repairing subscriber units; programming units to work on federal and interoperability systems; and managing interoperability gateway deployments. They have experience programming units for conventional and trunked systems and deploying a regional interoperability system for the Navy Region Northeast. Radionet can also provide consulting services, perform radio frequency coverage simulations using open-source software, conduct system drive testing, and develop communications procedures and protocols.
Linear Ic Applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from past exam papers for the subject "Linear IC Applications". It includes 8 questions related to topics like differential amplifiers, op-amps, filters, oscillators, timers, DACs, ADCs and multiplexers. Students are required to answer any 5 questions out of the 8 questions provided. The questions test the students' understanding of circuit analysis and design of various applications using linear integrated circuits.
The buck converter simulation example evaluates the switching waveforms and power switch voltages and currents. The specifications include a voltage output of 5V from an input voltage ranging from 7-40V. Inductor and capacitor values are selected to be 330uH and 330uF respectively. Simulation results are obtained for the switching waveforms, power switch voltages and currents using the average models with analysis directives to skip the breakpoints for a 10ms transient simulation.
RF and Mixed Signal Circuits for a DVB-H ReceiverRFIC-IUMA
This document presents the design of RF and mixed signal circuits for a DVB-H receiver. It describes the low noise amplifier, mixer, synthesizer, and ADC circuits. The LNA uses a cascode configuration to achieve low power and noise with wide bandwidth. The mixer uses a Gilbert cell. The VCO employs techniques like emitter degeneration and capacitor divider to improve phase noise and amplitude. Two ADC structures are presented, including a delta sigma ADC. Measurements and simulations show the circuits meet requirements for a DVB-H receiver in terms of frequency range, sensitivity, noise figure, linearity, phase noise, gain and dynamic range.
A BICMOS chipset for a DVB-H front-end receiverRFIC-IUMA
This document describes a BiCMOS chipset for a DVB-H front-end receiver implemented in a 0.35 μm BiCMOS process. Key components include a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a minimum gain of 13 dB and noise figure of 3 dB, a mixer with conversion gain of 10.7 dB and maximum noise figure of 22.5 dB, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) that oscillates from 1085 MHz to 1766 MHz with a phase noise of -112 dBc/Hz. Measurement results show the LNA/mixer combination achieves a conversion gain of 28.5 dB and total noise figure of 8.4 dB. In addition, a synthesizer for the DVB
The document describes an analog baseband chain for a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) receiver implemented in a 130nm CMOS technology. The baseband chain consists of a three-stage Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA), a 5th-order gm-C Low Pass Filter (LPF), and an Output Buffer (OBUF). The VGA provides a tunable gain range of 25-34dB. The LPF has a programmable bandwidth of 120-190MHz and provides an additional 8dB of gain. Together, the baseband chain achieves 4nV/√Hz of input-referred noise density and -42dBV of in-band IIP3. The chain occupies
This white paper discusses the migration from DVB-S to DVB-S2 satellite communication standards and the related efficiencies. DVB-S2 provides improved forward error correction using LDPC coding, which allows for a 30% increase in bandwidth efficiency over DVB-S. This efficiency gain can be used to support more users within an existing bandwidth allocation or reduce the bandwidth needed to support the same number of users. The paper provides an example where migrating from DVB-S to DVB-S2 reduces the monthly operating expense for a satellite transmission by 30% by needing less bandwidth to support all users within the satellite footprint.
The EC200 is a dual-channel LonWorks BMS interface that allows a Cooper fire network to communicate with a building management system (BMS). It translates pre-configured network variables from the Cooper fire network to unconfigured variables that can be bound to a BMS. The gateway has two channels, with channel 1 connecting to the Cooper fire network and channel 2 connecting to the BMS. It uses Echelon transceivers for communication and has a compact DIN rail mounting enclosure.
Radionet Communications provides capabilities in land mobile radio systems including tuning, testing, and repairing subscriber units; programming units to work on federal and interoperability systems; and managing interoperability gateway deployments. They have experience programming units for conventional and trunked systems and deploying a regional interoperability system for the Navy Region Northeast. Radionet can also provide consulting services, perform radio frequency coverage simulations using open-source software, conduct system drive testing, and develop communications procedures and protocols.
Linear Ic Applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains questions from past exam papers for the subject "Linear IC Applications". It includes 8 questions related to topics like differential amplifiers, op-amps, filters, oscillators, timers, DACs, ADCs and multiplexers. Students are required to answer any 5 questions out of the 8 questions provided. The questions test the students' understanding of circuit analysis and design of various applications using linear integrated circuits.
The buck converter simulation example evaluates the switching waveforms and power switch voltages and currents. The specifications include a voltage output of 5V from an input voltage ranging from 7-40V. Inductor and capacitor values are selected to be 330uH and 330uF respectively. Simulation results are obtained for the switching waveforms, power switch voltages and currents using the average models with analysis directives to skip the breakpoints for a 10ms transient simulation.
The document describes an 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a selectable resolution of 5-8 bits. The ADC was fabricated in a 0.13-micron CMOS process and achieves an effective number of bits of 6.10 in 8-bit mode with a 162 MHz input signal. Key aspects of the ADC include double sampling to relax amplifier settling times, redundant sign digit correction to compensate comparator offsets, and a two-stage op-amp design to provide sufficient gain and signal headroom given the low 1.2V supply voltage. Measured performance meets the requirements for medium resolution and sampling rate ADCs in modern synthetic aperture radar systems.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ZVxPlus Presentation: Characterization of Nonlinear RF/HF Components in Time ...NMDG NV
This document describes the ZVxPlus extension kit for Rohde & Schwarz ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. ZVxPlus enables these VNAs to perform large-signal network analysis, characterizing nonlinear RF/HF components in both the time and frequency domains. It provides a single connection for both small- and large-signal measurements of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers. This allows for better, more complete nonlinear device characterization compared to traditional techniques.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages, currents, power factors and energy values on 1-phase, 3-phase and 3-phase + neutral systems. There are three models - the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. All models have a backlit display, 72mm width, IEC 62053 measurement accuracy class, and monitor parameters for all three phases simultaneously.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages and currents on 1-phase, 3-phase, and 3-phase + neutral systems. Three models are available for different supply voltages and output options: the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with a pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. The PM9 has a compact design that fits in a standard cutout, a large backlit display, and measures active and reactive power, energy, demand and other electrical parameters.
Stability under Large-Signal Conditions PresentationNMDG NV
This presentation demonstrates calibrated small-signal S-parameters extraction under large-signal conditions, performed in parallel with the calibrated large-signal measurements provided by the ZVxPlus nonlinear extension kits.
The extracted S-parameters allow calculating the different stability criteria as well as the stability circles over the full frequency bandwidth of the selected network analyser.
Novel Voltage Mode Multifunction Filter based on Current Conveyor Transconduc...IDES Editor
This paper presents a novel voltage mode (VM) first
order Single input three output multi function filter employing
second generation current conveyor transconductance
amplifier (CCII-TA). The proposed circuit employs only one
active element, one grounded capacitor and three resistors.
The angular pole frequency of the proposed circuits can be
tuned electronically with the help of bias current. The proposed
circuit is very appropriate to further develop into an integrated
circuit. Sensitivity study is provided and SPICE simulations
have been included which verify the workability of the circuit
The document discusses Rohde & Schwarz's ZVxPlus, an extension kit for their ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. It allows the ZVA/ZVT to perform large signal network analysis by measuring the fundamental and harmonic responses of devices under test. The ZVxPlus hardware adds a synchronizer and harmonic phase reference to enable time domain measurements. It is calibrated using relative, power, and phase calibration techniques. The integrated software provides an environment for configuring and performing large signal measurements.
The DRV401 is an integrated circuit designed to condition signals from closed-loop magnetic current sensors made by Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co. KG (VAC). It provides functions like signal conditioning, an H-bridge driver for the compensation coil, and analog output proportional to primary current. The DRV401 maintains high accuracy by degaussing the sensor at power-up or on demand. It can directly drive the compensation coil or connect to external drivers. Combined with VAC sensors, the DRV401 can measure currents from small to very large.
The document describes the SACNET secure satellite communications system, including its star topology network design with one anchoring station and 20 remote locations. It provides details on the technical specifications and components of the anchoring station and remote stations, as well as the centralized network management system and scope of supply. The document also discusses expertise in integrating networks and communications vehicles.
Here are the key steps in the simulation example:
1. Set PWM controller parameters: FOSC, VREF, VP
2. Set output voltage: Rupper, Rlower
3. Select inductor: L for CCM operation
4. Select capacitor: C, ESR for ripple requirements
5. Extract compensator parameters: C1, C2, R1, R2
6. Simulate and verify switching waveforms, efficiency
The example shows designing, simulating, and verifying the operation of the boost converter to meet the given specifications.
Concept Kit:PWM Buck Converter Average Model (NJM2309)Tsuyoshi Horigome
The document describes the design workflow for a step-down PWM converter using the NJM2309 controller IC. The key steps are:
1. Set the PWM controller parameters like reference voltage and switching frequency.
2. Select resistor values to set the output voltage.
3. Choose an inductor value based on the input/output voltages and ripple current criteria.
4. Select an output capacitor value and ESR based on voltage and ripple current criteria.
5. Stabilize the feedback loop using a Type 2 compensator whose component values (R2, C1, C2) are calculated using an Excel tool and simulation to meet a chosen crossover frequency and phase margin
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for AGDON)Sarah Krystelle
This experiment analyzed the operation of a class A power amplifier. Key findings include:
1) The initial operating point (Q-point) was not centered on the AC load line, resulting in output clipping.
2) Adjusting the emitter resistance centered the Q-point on the AC load line, eliminating clipping and increasing the maximum undistorted output voltage.
3) A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the entire input cycle, but provides the most linear amplification.
The document proposes and analyzes a new circuit topology called a self-oscillating LNA-mixer. The circuit achieves high-performance by reusing the same bias current between the LNA, mixer, and local oscillator functions. It provides amplification, down-conversion, and local oscillator signal generation while sharing a single bias current, resulting in low power consumption. The document describes the evolution of the circuit topology, provides analysis of its gain, noise, linearity and phase noise characteristics, and presents simulation results demonstrating its performance targeting a Galileo satellite navigation application.
Linear and digital ic applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains a past exam paper for a Linear and Digital IC Applications course. It consists of 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics related to operational amplifiers, timers, filters, and analog-to-digital converters. The questions test understanding of concepts like negative feedback, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, Schmitt triggers, phase locked loops, sampling, and successive approximation ADCs. Sample problems are provided to calculate gain, bandwidth, lock range, cutoff frequency, and output levels for various circuit configurations.
A Multiband Lna with Switched Loads and Wideband Input Impedance MatchingRFIC-IUMA
This document presents a multiband low noise amplifier (LNA) topology that combines wideband input impedance matching with two switched resonant circuits in the amplifier's load. Simulations show the LNA achieves gains of 16dB and 12dB at 1.8GHz and 2.4GHz respectively, with noise figures of 2.5dB and 3.4dB. The input IP3 is 1.5dBm at 1.5GHz. The LNA was implemented in a 0.35um BiCMOS process and measures 0.771mm x 0.848mm with a power consumption of 16mW at 3.3V.
This document discusses the basics of BISS scrambling. It describes BISS mode 1, which uses a session word, and BISS mode E, which encrypts the session word using an identifier and encryption algorithm. BISS mode E provides an additional layer of protection for transmitting the session word. The document also covers calculating the encrypted session word, using buried and injected identifiers, and how to operate scramblers in the different BISS modes.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
The RSA cryptosystem document discusses:
1) The RSA cryptosystem uses a public and private key to encrypt and decrypt messages based on large prime number factorization.
2) An example is provided where a message is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key.
3) The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, as factorization algorithms take exponential time relative to the number of bits.
The document describes an 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a selectable resolution of 5-8 bits. The ADC was fabricated in a 0.13-micron CMOS process and achieves an effective number of bits of 6.10 in 8-bit mode with a 162 MHz input signal. Key aspects of the ADC include double sampling to relax amplifier settling times, redundant sign digit correction to compensate comparator offsets, and a two-stage op-amp design to provide sufficient gain and signal headroom given the low 1.2V supply voltage. Measured performance meets the requirements for medium resolution and sampling rate ADCs in modern synthetic aperture radar systems.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ZVxPlus Presentation: Characterization of Nonlinear RF/HF Components in Time ...NMDG NV
This document describes the ZVxPlus extension kit for Rohde & Schwarz ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. ZVxPlus enables these VNAs to perform large-signal network analysis, characterizing nonlinear RF/HF components in both the time and frequency domains. It provides a single connection for both small- and large-signal measurements of devices like diodes, transistors, and amplifiers. This allows for better, more complete nonlinear device characterization compared to traditional techniques.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages, currents, power factors and energy values on 1-phase, 3-phase and 3-phase + neutral systems. There are three models - the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. All models have a backlit display, 72mm width, IEC 62053 measurement accuracy class, and monitor parameters for all three phases simultaneously.
The PowerLogic Power Meter Series PM9 is a power monitoring unit that offers basic measurement capabilities for monitoring electrical installations. It monitors voltages and currents on 1-phase, 3-phase, and 3-phase + neutral systems. Three models are available for different supply voltages and output options: the PM9 for basic measurements, PM9P with a pulse output, and PM9C with Modbus RS485 communication. The PM9 has a compact design that fits in a standard cutout, a large backlit display, and measures active and reactive power, energy, demand and other electrical parameters.
Stability under Large-Signal Conditions PresentationNMDG NV
This presentation demonstrates calibrated small-signal S-parameters extraction under large-signal conditions, performed in parallel with the calibrated large-signal measurements provided by the ZVxPlus nonlinear extension kits.
The extracted S-parameters allow calculating the different stability criteria as well as the stability circles over the full frequency bandwidth of the selected network analyser.
Novel Voltage Mode Multifunction Filter based on Current Conveyor Transconduc...IDES Editor
This paper presents a novel voltage mode (VM) first
order Single input three output multi function filter employing
second generation current conveyor transconductance
amplifier (CCII-TA). The proposed circuit employs only one
active element, one grounded capacitor and three resistors.
The angular pole frequency of the proposed circuits can be
tuned electronically with the help of bias current. The proposed
circuit is very appropriate to further develop into an integrated
circuit. Sensitivity study is provided and SPICE simulations
have been included which verify the workability of the circuit
The document discusses Rohde & Schwarz's ZVxPlus, an extension kit for their ZVA and ZVT vector network analyzers. It allows the ZVA/ZVT to perform large signal network analysis by measuring the fundamental and harmonic responses of devices under test. The ZVxPlus hardware adds a synchronizer and harmonic phase reference to enable time domain measurements. It is calibrated using relative, power, and phase calibration techniques. The integrated software provides an environment for configuring and performing large signal measurements.
The DRV401 is an integrated circuit designed to condition signals from closed-loop magnetic current sensors made by Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co. KG (VAC). It provides functions like signal conditioning, an H-bridge driver for the compensation coil, and analog output proportional to primary current. The DRV401 maintains high accuracy by degaussing the sensor at power-up or on demand. It can directly drive the compensation coil or connect to external drivers. Combined with VAC sensors, the DRV401 can measure currents from small to very large.
The document describes the SACNET secure satellite communications system, including its star topology network design with one anchoring station and 20 remote locations. It provides details on the technical specifications and components of the anchoring station and remote stations, as well as the centralized network management system and scope of supply. The document also discusses expertise in integrating networks and communications vehicles.
Here are the key steps in the simulation example:
1. Set PWM controller parameters: FOSC, VREF, VP
2. Set output voltage: Rupper, Rlower
3. Select inductor: L for CCM operation
4. Select capacitor: C, ESR for ripple requirements
5. Extract compensator parameters: C1, C2, R1, R2
6. Simulate and verify switching waveforms, efficiency
The example shows designing, simulating, and verifying the operation of the boost converter to meet the given specifications.
Concept Kit:PWM Buck Converter Average Model (NJM2309)Tsuyoshi Horigome
The document describes the design workflow for a step-down PWM converter using the NJM2309 controller IC. The key steps are:
1. Set the PWM controller parameters like reference voltage and switching frequency.
2. Select resistor values to set the output voltage.
3. Choose an inductor value based on the input/output voltages and ripple current criteria.
4. Select an output capacitor value and ESR based on voltage and ripple current criteria.
5. Stabilize the feedback loop using a Type 2 compensator whose component values (R2, C1, C2) are calculated using an Excel tool and simulation to meet a chosen crossover frequency and phase margin
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for AGDON)Sarah Krystelle
This experiment analyzed the operation of a class A power amplifier. Key findings include:
1) The initial operating point (Q-point) was not centered on the AC load line, resulting in output clipping.
2) Adjusting the emitter resistance centered the Q-point on the AC load line, eliminating clipping and increasing the maximum undistorted output voltage.
3) A class A amplifier has low efficiency due to conduction over the entire input cycle, but provides the most linear amplification.
The document proposes and analyzes a new circuit topology called a self-oscillating LNA-mixer. The circuit achieves high-performance by reusing the same bias current between the LNA, mixer, and local oscillator functions. It provides amplification, down-conversion, and local oscillator signal generation while sharing a single bias current, resulting in low power consumption. The document describes the evolution of the circuit topology, provides analysis of its gain, noise, linearity and phase noise characteristics, and presents simulation results demonstrating its performance targeting a Galileo satellite navigation application.
Linear and digital ic applications Jntu Model Paper{Www.Studentyogi.Com}guest3f9c6b
This document contains a past exam paper for a Linear and Digital IC Applications course. It consists of 8 multiple choice questions covering various topics related to operational amplifiers, timers, filters, and analog-to-digital converters. The questions test understanding of concepts like negative feedback, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, Schmitt triggers, phase locked loops, sampling, and successive approximation ADCs. Sample problems are provided to calculate gain, bandwidth, lock range, cutoff frequency, and output levels for various circuit configurations.
A Multiband Lna with Switched Loads and Wideband Input Impedance MatchingRFIC-IUMA
This document presents a multiband low noise amplifier (LNA) topology that combines wideband input impedance matching with two switched resonant circuits in the amplifier's load. Simulations show the LNA achieves gains of 16dB and 12dB at 1.8GHz and 2.4GHz respectively, with noise figures of 2.5dB and 3.4dB. The input IP3 is 1.5dBm at 1.5GHz. The LNA was implemented in a 0.35um BiCMOS process and measures 0.771mm x 0.848mm with a power consumption of 16mW at 3.3V.
This document discusses the basics of BISS scrambling. It describes BISS mode 1, which uses a session word, and BISS mode E, which encrypts the session word using an identifier and encryption algorithm. BISS mode E provides an additional layer of protection for transmitting the session word. The document also covers calculating the encrypted session word, using buried and injected identifiers, and how to operate scramblers in the different BISS modes.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
The RSA cryptosystem document discusses:
1) The RSA cryptosystem uses a public and private key to encrypt and decrypt messages based on large prime number factorization.
2) An example is provided where a message is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key.
3) The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, as factorization algorithms take exponential time relative to the number of bits.
This document discusses image compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). It develops simple Mathematica functions to compute the 1D and 2D DCT. The 1D DCT transforms a list of real numbers into elementary frequency components. It is computed via matrix multiplication or using the discrete Fourier transform with twiddle factors. The 2D DCT applies the 1D DCT to rows and then columns of an image, making it separable. These functions illustrate how Mathematica can be used to prototype image processing algorithms.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip's integrated features allow for low cost and small size STB designs for cable or terrestrial networks.
1) Reed-Solomon codes are a type of error-correcting code invented in 1960 that can detect and correct multiple symbol errors. They work by encoding data into redundant symbols that can be used to detect and locate errors.
2) Reed-Solomon codes are particularly good at correcting burst errors, where a block of symbols are corrupted together by noise. Even if an entire block of bits is corrupted, the code can still correct the errors by replacing the corrupted symbol.
3) The error correction capability of Reed-Solomon codes increases with larger block sizes, as noise is averaged over more symbols. However, implementing Reed-Solomon codes also becomes more complex with higher redundancy.
Dani Pedrosa won the MotoGP race at Laguna Seca, finishing just 0.344 seconds ahead of Valentino Rossi in second and 1.926 seconds ahead of Jorge Lorenzo in third. Casey Stoner finished fourth, over 12 seconds behind Pedrosa. There were several crashes during the race, with Andrea Dovizioso, Sete Gibernau, and Gabor Talmacsi all falling out of contention. James Toseland received a ride through penalty for a jump start.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It covers:
1) The DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media, including DVB-T for terrestrial, DVB-S for satellite, and DVB-C for cable. These share source coding/compression and service multiplexing standards.
2) STBs will be needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. Affordable STBs are key for digital TV adoption. Common standards help lower STB costs through economies of scale.
3) "Open architecture" and "interoperability" mean the STB functionality is defined by public standards and can receive services across networks, respectively. The
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
The document provides implementation guidelines for using the DVB Simulcrypt standard, including describing the architecture and protocols, clarifying differences between protocol versions, explaining state diagrams and behaviors, and providing recommendations for error handling, redundancy management, and custom signaling profiles to facilitate reliable and efficient Simulcrypt headend implementation.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
1) The document discusses quantization and pulse code modulation (PCM) in voice signal encoding. PCM assigns 256 possible values to digitally represent analog voice samples, divided into chords and steps on a linear scale.
2) A logarithmic quantization scale is better than a linear one for voice signals, as it allocates more quantization steps to lower amplitudes prevalent in speech. This "compressed encoding" improves fidelity.
3) Quantization error occurs when samples with different amplitudes are assigned the same digital value, distorting the reconstructed waveform. Compression helps maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio especially for low amplitudes.
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
The document provides an overview of MPEG-4, a standard that offers both advanced audio and video codecs as well as tools for combining multimedia such as audio, video, graphics and interactivity. It was developed through an open international process to select the best technologies. MPEG-4 codecs like AVC and AAC provide high compression efficiency, having been adopted for HDTV, mobile video, and digital music. Its rich media tools allow interactive experiences combining different media types.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for improved transmission performance, achieving up to a 30% increase in capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for backwards compatibility with DVB-S receivers and uses adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for different users and conditions. It provides high flexibility to work with different input streams, modulation schemes, and satellite transponder characteristics.
This document discusses service information (SI) in DVB systems, specifically the discontinuity information section. It provides packet syntax diagrams for an MPEG-2 transport stream, the network information section, service description section, and bouquet association section, which are used to deliver metadata about available TV and radio channels and services. It also includes the syntax for a discontinuity information section, which is used to signal discontinuities in MPEG program streams that are caused by operations like splicing.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Professional Develop...Jim Jenkins
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Systems Engineering course sampler. This three-day course is designed for satellite communications engineers, spacecraft engineers, and managers who want to obtain an understanding of the "big picture" of satellite communications. Each topic is illustrated by detailed worked numerical examples, using published data for actual satellite communications systems. The course is technically oriented and includes mathematical derivations of the fundamental equations. It will enable the participants to perform their own satellite link budget calculations. The course will especially appeal to those whose objective is to develop quantitative computational skills in addition to obtaining a qualitative familiarity with the basic concepts.
Alberto Morello and Vittoria Mignone
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting – developed by the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Project in 2003. It benefits from more recent developments in channel coding (LDPC codes) combined with a variety of
modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK and 32APSK).
This document discusses a mini-fiber node (mFN) technology for upgrading cable networks to support two-way broadband services in a more cost-effective way than traditional approaches. The mFN architecture uses low-cost fiber optic nodes connected to small sections of the existing coaxial cable network to provide clean bandwidth and simplify medium access control protocols. Local contention resolution at each mFN improves efficiency and quality of service support compared to existing centralized standards. The mFN approach provides abundant high-speed bandwidth while radically simplifying service provisioning and enabling standard-compatible MAC protocols for mixed asynchronous and synchronous transmission.
Vacon was founded in Vaasa, Finland in 1993. It has a long history of producing high-quality
inverters, power converters and AC drives for demanding renewable energy and industrial
applications and operating environments. We have a solid foundation to lean on and we thrive on actively driving the industry forward.
Analisi delle prove di misura di emissioni condotte nell'ambito della norma MIL-STD-461G e paragone con le normative precedenti. Pubblicata in occasione del seminario MIL nel 2017.
1. The document discusses receiving satellite signals in the Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) in Europe using inexpensive options like an LNB for an Irish TV provider or a DirecTV SL3 LNB.
2. Testing was done with these LNBs in Portugal, with the Irish LNB only finding signals at 13.0E and 9.0E for internet services, while the complex DirecTV SL3 LNB had issues working with motorized dishes due to its weight.
3. Ka-band signals use small spot beams and modulations unsuitable for typical receivers, and expansion of services is expected, though the testing found no additional usable signals.
The document describes a satellite communication system that uses Wavelet Filtered Multi-tone (WFMT) modulation to provide advantages over traditional QPSK modulation. WFMT modulation has a lower peak-to-average ratio, allows for a programmable spectrum, and can compensate for distortions from the satellite transponder and multipath propagation in urban environments. It provides similar energy efficiency to QPSK and multipath immunity comparable to OFDM. Simulation results show the WFMT spectrum meets requirements and has a higher tolerance for delay than existing systems.
The MX-OCS12 one cable LNB from Maxing receives signals from two Ku band sub bands and transmits them through a single cable. This allows multiple satellite receivers to be connected to the same cable running to the LNB, replacing the need for a multi-switch. The LNB performed well for the vertical sub band but showed slightly weaker performance for the horizontal sub band. While it simplifies the installation of satellite TV when replacing terrestrial TV with an existing cable system, it is limited to channels within the two Ku band sub bands it can receive.
Alcatel-Lucent OmniSwitch 6450 datasheetArrow ECS UK
The document describes the Alcatel-Lucent OmniSwitch 6450-10, a Gigabit Ethernet switch targeted at smaller network environments. It is a half rack width, fixed configuration switch with 8 Gigabit user ports, 2 uplink ports, and support for stacking up to 8 units. It uses the Alcatel-Lucent Operating Software (AOS) and provides simplified management, high availability, and eco-friendly operation for classroom, workgroup and small enterprise networks.
The document summarizes the evolution of CDMA2000 standards for high-speed data capabilities. Key points include:
- CDMA2000 1xEV was introduced as a two-phase strategy to provide higher data rates using the existing 1.25 MHz bandwidth. 1xEV-DO can provide up to 2.4 Mbps peak data rates.
- 1xEV-DV is the second phase currently being standardized to provide high-speed data and voice on a single carrier. Goals include real-time packet services and improved throughput/capacity.
- Ericsson's CDMA2000 products for 1X networks include the RBS 1127 base station and BSC 1120 controller, both based on the
Satellite signals are weak by the time they reach the ground due to signal attenuation over the long distance from the satellite in geostationary orbit. A low noise amplifier (LNA) is used to amplify the weak satellite signals received by the dish antenna without adding significant noise. The LNA and block converter that downconverts the microwave frequencies to intermediate frequencies together make up the low noise block downconverter (LNB). LNBs use local oscillators and mixers to convert signals to intermediate frequencies accepted by satellite receivers. Noise performance and local oscillator frequencies vary between LNBs used for different satellite frequency bands.
This document summarizes testing of a one-stage pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It first describes the architecture of pipelined ADCs and the components of a single stage, including a sub-ADC comparator and multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC). It then discusses fault models for circuit components and generates test inputs to detect faults. Specifically, it uses two test input voltages to generate output patterns that can detect faults like output stuck at supply voltages or capacitor opens/shorts through the digital outputs of each stage. Simulation parameters are provided and the document concludes by thanking the reader.
LMK03000 Family of Precision Clock Conditioners Premier Farnell
The document summarizes the LMK03000 family of precision clock conditioners from National Semiconductor. It provides an overview of clock conditioners and their applications, describes the features and target applications of the LMK03000 family, and outlines the functional blocks and programming sequence of the devices.
This document describes a circuit that can be used as a speed checker for highways. The circuit uses two laser-light emitting diodes and light dependent resistors installed 100 meters apart on a highway. As a vehicle passes between the two sensors, timers measure the time taken and use this to calculate the vehicle's speed. If the calculated speed exceeds the legal speed limit, an alarm sounds to alert the driver. The circuit provides a digital display of the vehicle's speed and can be adjusted to check for limits of 40 or 60 kmph.
This document describes a circuit that can be used as a speed checker for highways. The circuit uses two laser-light emitting diodes and light dependent resistors installed 100 meters apart on a highway. As a vehicle passes between the two sensors, timers measure the time taken and use this to calculate the vehicle's speed. If the calculated speed exceeds the legal speed limit, an alarm sounds to alert the driver. The circuit provides a digital display of the vehicle's speed and can be adjusted to check for limits of 40 or 60 kmph.
The document summarizes the implementation and performance analysis of MIMO in Digital Video Broadcasting-T2 (DVB-T2). It discusses how MIMO-OFDM was implemented to support multiple antenna transmission and reception in DVB-T2. The DVB-T2 transmitter and receiver were simulated using MATLAB. MIMO processing replaced the existing MISO processing to allow multiple transmitting and receiving antennas. The implementation aimed to reduce peak-to-average power ratio and support robustness levels for both fixed and portable devices. Simulation results showed accurate constellations and a decreasing bit error rate graph with increasing SNR.
A Fully Integrated RF Front End for DVB-SHRFIC-IUMA
This paper describes the design and simulation of a fully integrated RF front-end for DVB-SH (2.17-2.2 GHz) implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process. The front-end includes a low noise amplifier based on a cascode topology with impedance matching and an LC tank load. It also includes a single-to-differential converter to generate differential outputs from a single input with balanced amplitude and phase, followed by a Gilbert cell quadrature mixer. Post-layout simulations showed a conversion gain of 33.3-32.7 dB, noise figure of 2.2 dB, input return loss of -15 dB, and output compression point of 0.3 dBm, drawing 21.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A high efficiency BPSK receiver for short range wireless networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1) The document describes a high efficiency BPSK receiver for short range wireless networks designed and simulated in 0.18 μm RFCMOS technology.
2) The receiver uses injection-locking techniques with a Colpitts oscillator to improve efficiency. It has a DC power of 0.474 mW and sensitivity of -60 dBm.
3) Simulation results show the receiver's oscillator has a phase noise of -160 dBc/Hz while consuming 0.377 mA from a 0.7 V power supply. The receiver can achieve a data rate of 5 Mbps with a figure of merit of 94 pJ/bit.
This document summarizes an optical LNB invented by Global Invacom. Some key points:
- An optical LNB converts satellite signals to a digital light signal and transmits it via fiber optic cable, avoiding signal loss issues with traditional coaxial cable.
- At the end of the fiber optic cable, a gateway termination unit (GTU) converts the light signal back to a format readable by satellite receivers.
- This allows for much more flexible distribution of satellite signals to multiple users without signal attenuation problems that plague traditional coaxial distribution methods.
- The optical LNB has significant potential to simplify installation of larger satellite reception systems serving multiple users.
The Event Logger monitors and logs Digital Program Insertion (DPI) messages to verify correct transmission of signals via satellite. It watches for configured GPI state changes that indicate an expected DPI message. If the message is received on time, it is logged as a matched event. If not received on time, it is flagged as missed. The Event Logger also decodes DPI messages to help diagnose issues, and is compatible with various encoding systems. It has 6 ASI inputs, 108 GPI sensors, and logs data in real-time and for archiving.
Euler's theorem states that for any plane graph, the number of vertices (v) minus the number of edges (e) plus the number of faces (f) equals 2. The document proves this theorem by considering a minimal tree (T) within the graph and its dual tree (D), showing that the number of edges of T and D sum to the total edges (e) of the original graph. Some applications of the theorem are that any plane graph contains an edge of degree 5 or higher and any finite set of points not all on a line contains a line with exactly two points.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
The document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes the three processes of A/D conversion as sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Quantization involves mapping amplitude values into a set of discrete values using a quantization interval or step size. The document discusses uniform quantization and how the quantization levels are determined. It also covers non-uniform quantization and provides examples and MATLAB code demonstrations of audio signal quantization.
This document provides the European standard for the frame structure, channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2). It defines the system architecture and specifications for input processing, bit-interleaved coding and modulation, data slice packet generation, layer 1 part 2 signalling, frame building, and OFDM generation. The standard aims to provide improved performance for cable systems over the existing DVB-C standard.
This document discusses Euler's formula, which relates the number of vertices (V), edges (E), and faces (P) of a polyhedron. Through experimenting with attaching polygons and bending shapes, students derive the formula V - E + P = 2 for polyhedra. Removing a face shows the formula still holds, revealing why it is true for any polyhedron. Students learn the formula can distinguish polyhedra from other 3D shapes by calculating the Euler characteristic V - E + P.
This document provides an introduction to Reed-Solomon codes, which are word-oriented, non-binary BCH codes that are simple, robust, and perform well for burst errors. Reed-Solomon codes use Galois field techniques to encode data into blocks of length 2^m - 1 by adding 2t parity check words, allowing the correction of t errors. The encoding and decoding procedures make use of a generator polynomial, Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, Chien search, and Forney algorithm. Future work may include more flexible generator polynomials or converting C54x codes to C55x codes.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the given document on video compression:
The document discusses video compression algorithms used in standards like MPEG, explaining how video compression works through motion estimation, discrete cosine transformation, quantization, and entropy coding to reduce file sizes. It analyzes the tradeoff between compression ratio and quality, and provides details on common video compression standards and their applications. The MPEG standards are described in particular detail, outlining the different frame types and compression steps used to remove spatial and temporal redundancies from video for more efficient storage and transmission.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and fundamentals for learning Linux, including:
- Details on Linux distributions like Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE and their licensing models.
- A brief history of open source software development and benefits of the open source model.
- How to log into a Linux system, basics of the shell, command line navigation, and file management.
- Key topics covered include files/directories, permissions, and redirection.
- Information on Linux certification programs.
- Setup instructions for a Linux emulator for the fundamentals course.
This document discusses three methods for reducing bitrates in digital video transmission: time-shifting MPEG-2 packets, open loop transrating, and closed loop transrating. Time-shifting involves advancing or delaying packets to smooth out variable bitrates, while open loop transrating re-quantizes video frames without feedback. Closed loop transrating also re-quantizes but uses error detection and feedback loops to learn from previous frames and optimize re-quantization levels, allowing for greater bitrate reductions than open loop. These methods aim to more efficiently use bandwidth and enable network operators to provide more video services over existing infrastructure.
This document provides a beginner's guide to learning Linux. It covers topics such as what Linux is, understanding files and folders, users and permissions, the root user, opening a terminal, basic commands like ls, cd, pwd, and tar for archiving files. The guide explains important Linux concepts and provides examples of common commands to get started using the Linux command line.
The RS-232 interface is a standard for serial binary data interchange between devices. It allows up to 20 signals but only requires 3 wires: send data, receive data, and signal ground. Communication uses asynchronous transmission of start bits, data bits, optional parity bits, and stop bits. The standard connector has 25 pins but many signals are unnecessary for direct computer-terminal connections. RS-232 specifies voltage levels for logic 1 and 0 signals and establishes compatibility but not communication between compliant devices.
The document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and open architecture/interoperability issues. It provides details on:
1) International digital TV standards DVB-T, DVB-S, DVB-C and how STBs can receive all three signals with switchable front ends.
2) The DVB Common Interface standard which allows a STB to be interoperable across different networks using different conditional access systems via external modules.
3) The Multimedia Home Platform standard which seeks to create an open middleware based on Java, allowing for interoperable applications across networks.
This document specifies how to encapsulate MPEG-2 Transport Stream data within DAB MSC stream data sub-channels, including adding error protection. It describes using Reed-Solomon coding and interleaving to provide outer coding and error protection. The document references ETSI EN 300 401 for information on the DAB radio broadcasting system.
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
The Strategy Implementation System offers a structured approach to translating stakeholder needs into actionable strategies using high-level and low-level scorecards. It involves stakeholder analysis, strategy decomposition, adoption of strategic frameworks like Balanced Scorecard or OKR, and alignment of goals, initiatives, and KPIs.
Key Components:
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
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Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
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popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
1. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
DVB-S2 — ready for lift off
Alberto Morello and Vittoria Mignone
RAI, Radiotelevisione Italiana
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting – developed
by the DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Project in 2003. It benefits from more recent
developments in channel coding (LDPC codes) combined with a variety of
modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK and 32APSK). When used for interactive
applications, such as Internet navigation, it may implement Adaptive Coding &
Modulation (ACM), thus optimizing the transmission parameters for each individual
user, dependant on path conditions. Backwards-compatible modes are available,
allowing existing DVB-S set-top-boxes to continue working during any transitional
period.
This article, based on a presentation given at IBC-2004, gives a variety of examples of
DVB-S2 – focusing on television applications including broadcasting, contribution
TV links and DSNG, and DTT signal distribution to transmitters – which illustrate the
advantages of the new system over DVB-S and, indeed, DVB-DSNG.
The DVB-S2 system has been designed for several satellite broadband applications:
broadcast services for standard definition TV and HDTV;
interactive services, including Internet access, for consumer applications;
professional applications, such as Digital TV contribution and News Gathering, TV distribution
to terrestrial VHF/UHF transmitters;
data content distribution and Internet trunking.
It is based on a “tool-kit” approach which allows us to cover all the application areas while still
keeping the single-chip decoder at reasonable complexity levels, thus enabling the use of mass
market products also for professional applications.
The DVB-S2 standard has been specified around three key concepts: (i) best transmission perform-
ance, (ii) total flexibility and (iii) reasonable receiver complexity. To achieve the best performance-
complexity trade-off, quantifiable in about 30% capacity gain over DVB-S, DVB-S2 benefits from
more recent developments in channel coding and modulation. For interactive point-to-point applica-
tions such as IP unicasting, the adoption of the Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) functionality
allows us to optimize the transmission parameters for each individual user on a frame-by-frame
basis, dependant on path conditions, under closed-loop control via a return channel (terrestrial or by
satellite): the result is an even greater gain of DVB-S2 over DVB-S.
DVB-S2 is so flexible that it can cope with any existing satellite transponder characteristics, with a
large variety of spectrum efficiencies and associated C/N requirements. Furthermore, it is not
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 1 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
2. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
limited to MPEG-2 video and audio coding, but it is designed to handle a variety of advanced audio-
video formats which the DVB Project is currently defining. DVB-S2 accommodates any input stream
format, including single or multiple MPEG Transport Streams, continuous bit-streams, IP as well as
ATM packets.
Forward Error Correction (FEC) and modulation
The DVB-S2 detailed system block diagram is described in [1] and [2]. The FEC is the key
subsystem to achieve excellent performance by satellite, in the presence of high levels of noise and
interference. The selection process, based on computer simulations, compared seven proposals –
parallel or serially concatenated convolutional codes, product codes, low density parity check codes
(LDPC) – all using “turbo” (i.e. recursive) decoding techniques. The winning system, based on
LDPC, offered the minimum distance from the Shannon limit on the linear AWGN channel, under the
constraint of maximum decoder complexity of 14 mm2 of silicon (0.13 µm technology).
The selected LDPC codes [2] use very large block lengths (64800 bits for applications not too critical
for delays, and 16200 bits). Code rates of 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9 and 9/10 are
available, depending on the selected modulation and the system requirements. Coding rates 1/4, 1/3
and 2/5 have been introduced to operate, in combination with QPSK, under exceptionally poor link
conditions, where the signal level is below the noise level. Concatenated BCH outer codes are intro-
duced to avoid error floors at low bit error rates (BER).
Four modulation modes can be
Q
selected for the transmitted Q I=MSB
Q=LSB 100
payload (see Fig. 1). 10 110
00 000
ρ=1 ρ=1
QPSK and 8PSK are typically
010 φ=π/4
proposed for broadcast applica- I I
001
tions, since they are virtually
constant envelope modulations 011
and can be used in non-linear 11 01 101
111
satellite transponders driven
Q
near saturation. The 16APSK
Q 01101
and 32APSK modes, mainly 11101 01001
1010 1000
targeted at professional appli- 01100 R 3 00101 11001
0010 R2 0000 00001
cations, can also be used for MSB
R2
LSB 11100 00100 00000 01000
broadcasting, but these require
0110 R1 1100 0100
a higher level of available C/N 1110 10100 10101 R1 10001 10000
11000
11110
and the adoption of advanced I I
0111 10110 10111 10010
pre-distortion methods in the 1111 1101 0101 10011
01110
up-link station to minimize the 00110 00010 11010
0011 0001
effect of transponder non-line- 11111
00111 00011
01010
arity. 1011 1001
01111 11011
01011
Whilst these modes are not as
Figure 1
power-efficient as the other
The four possible DVB-S2 constellations before physical layer
modes, the spectrum efficiency scrambling
is much greater. The 16APSK
and 32APSK constellations
have been optimized to operate over a non-linear transponder by placing the points on circles.
Nevertheless their performance on a linear channel are comparable with those of 16QAM and
32QAM respectively.
By selecting the modulation constellation and code rates, spectrum efficiencies from 0.5 to 4.5 bit
per symbol are available and can be chosen dependant on the capabilities and restrictions of the
satellite transponder used.
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 2 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
3. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
DVB-S2 has three “roll-off factor” choices to determine spectrum shape: 0.35 as in DVB-S, 0.25 and
0.20 for tighter bandwidth restrictions.
Framing structure
Two levels of framing structures have been designed:
the first at the physical level (PL), carrying few highly-protected signalling bits;
the second at base-band level, carrying a variety of signalling bits, to allow maximum flexibility
on the input signal adaptation.
FEC Useful
redundancy data
Type of channel
coding and modulation
adopted in the wagon
PL FRAME
H FEC FRAME H FEC FRAME H FEC FRAME
8PSK 5/6 QPSK 2/3 16APSK 3/4
Figure 2
Pictorial representation of the physical-layer framing structure
The first level of framing structure has been designed to provide robust synchronization and signal-
ling at the physical layer [2]. Thus a receiver may synchronize (carrier and phase recovery, frame
synchronization) and detect the modulation and coding parameters before demodulation and FEC
decoding.
With reference to Fig. 2, the DVB-S2 physical layer signal is composed of a regular sequence of
“lorries” (frames): within a lorry, the modulation and coding scheme is homogeneous, but may
change (Adaptive Coding & Modulation) in adjacent lorries. Every frame is composed of a payload
of 64800 bits (or 16200 bits), corresponding to a code block of the concatenated LDPC/BCH FEC,
and a Header (90 binary modulation symbols), containing synchronization and signalling informa-
tion. Since the PL Header is the first entity to be decoded by the receiver, it could not be protected
by the powerful LDPC/BCH FEC scheme.
On the other hand, it had to be perfectly decodable under the worst-case link conditions. Therefore
the system designers selected a very low-rate 7/64 block code to protect it, suitable for soft-decision
correlation decoding, and minimized the number of signalling bits to reduce decoding complexity
and global efficiency loss.
The second level of framing structure, the “baseband frame”, allows a more complete signalling
functionality to configure the receiver according to the application scenarios: single or multiple input
streams, generic or transport stream, CCM (Constant Coding & Modulation) or ACM (Adaptive
Coding & Modulation), and many other configuration details. Thanks to the LDPC/BCH protection
and the wide length of the FEC frame, the Baseband (BB) Header may contain many signalling bits
(80) without losing transmission efficiency or ruggedness against noise.
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4. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
Backwards-compatible modes
The large number of DVB-S receivers already installed makes it very difficult for many established
broadcasters to think of an abrupt change of technology in favour of DVB-S2 – especially where
there is a receiver subsidy and for free-to-air public services. In such scenarios, backwards-compat-
ibility may be required in the migration period, allowing legacy DVB-S receivers to continue oper-
ating, while providing additional capacity and services to new, advanced receivers. At the end of the
migration process, when the complete receiver population has migrated to DVB-S2, the transmitted
signal could be modified to the non-backward compatible mode, thus exploiting the full potential of
DVB-S2.
Optional backwards-compatible (BC) modes have therefore been defined in DVB-S2, intended to
send two Transport Streams on a single satellite channel. The first (High Priority, HP) stream is
compatible with DVB-S receivers (according to EN 300 421 [3]) as well as with DVB-S2 receivers,
while the second (Low Priority, LP) stream is compatible with DVB-S2 receivers only [2].
Backwards compatibility can be implemented by hierarchical modulation [4], where the two HP and
LP Transport Streams are synchronously combined at modulation symbol level on a non-uniform
8PSK constellation. The LP DVB-S2-compliant signal is BCH and LDPC encoded, with LDPC code
rates 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 or 3/5. Then the hierarchical mapper generates the non-uniform 8PSK constella-
tion: the two HP DVB-S bits define a QPSK constellation point, while the single bit from the DVB-S2
LDPC encoder sets an additional rotation ±θ before transmission. Since the resulting signal has a
quasi-constant envelope, it can be transmitted on a single transponder driven near saturation.
System performance
Dependant on the selected code rate and modulation constellation, the system can operate at
carrier-to-noise ratios from –2.4 dB (using QPSK 1/4) to 16 dB (using 32APSK 9/10), assuming an
AWGN channel and ideal demodulator (see Fig. 3). These results have been obtained by computer
Spectrum efficiency versus required C/N on AWGN channel
4.5
32APSK
Ru [bit/s] per unit Symbol Rate Rs
4.0 = modulation-constrained Shannon limit
16APSK
3.5
3.0
2.5 8PSK
2.0 DVB-DSNG
QPSK
1.5
DVB-S
1.0
0.5
0.0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
C/N [dB] in Rs
Figure 3
Required C/N versus spectrum efficiency on the AWGN channel (ideal demodulation), where C/N refers to
the average power
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 4 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
5. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
simulations for a Packet Error Rate of 10-7 (one erroneous Transport Stream Packet per transmis-
sion hour in a 5 Mbit/s video service). The distance from the Shannon limit ranges from 0.7 to
1.2 dB. On AWGN, the result is typically a 20 – 35 percent capacity increase over DVB-S and DVB-
DSNG under the same transmission conditions and 2 – 2.5 dB more robust reception for the same
spectrum efficiency.
The DVB-S2 system may be used in “single-carrier-per-transponder” or in “multi-carriers-per-trans-
ponder” (FDM) configurations. Fig. 3 also indicates examples of the useful bitrate capacity Ru
achievable by the system in the different modulation/coding configurations, assuming unit symbol
rate RS. The symbol rate RS corresponds to the –3dB bandwidth of the modulated signal, while
RS(1+α) corresponds to the theoretical total signal bandwidth after the modulator, with α repre-
senting the roll-off factor of the modulation. The use of the narrower roll-off α = 0.25 and α = 0.20
may allow a transmission capacity increase, but may also produce larger non-linear degradations by
satellite for single-carrier operation.
When DVB-S2 is transmitted by satellite, quasi-constant envelope modulations such as QPSK and
8PSK are power efficient in the single-carrier-per-transponder configuration, since they can operate
on transponders driven near saturation. 16APSK and 32APSK, which are inherently more sensitive
to non-linear distortions and would require quasi-linear transponders (i.e., with larger Output Back-
Off, OBO) may be improved in terms of power efficiency by using non-linear compensation tech-
niques in the up-link station [2]. In FDM configurations, where multiple carriers occupy the same
transponder, this latter must be kept in the quasi-linear operating region (i.e., with large OBO) to
avoid excessive inter-modulation interference between signals. In this case, the AWGN perform-
ance figures may be adopted for link budget computations.
Table 1 shows, for the single-carrier-per-transponder configuration, the simulated C/N degradation
using the satellite channel models and phase noise mask given in [1] (non-linearised TWTA, phase
noise relevant to consumer LNBs), at the optimum operating TWTA point (computer simulations by
ESA). CSAT is the un-modulated carrier power at HPA saturation, OBO is the measured power ratio
(dB) between the un-modulated carrier at saturation and the modulated carrier (after OMUX). The
figures show the large advantage offered by the use of dynamic pre-distortion for 16APSK and
32APSK. The large phase noise degradations quoted for APSK, and in particular for 32APSK, can
be considered as pessimistic, since they refer to consumer-type LNBs while, for professional appli-
cations, better front-ends may be adopted at negligible additional cost.
Table 1
CSAT/N loss [dB] on the satellite channel
Transmission No pre-distortion Dynamic pre-distortion Dynamic pre-distortion
Mode No Phase Noise No Phase Noise Phase Noise
QPSK 1/2 0.6 (OBO=0.4) 0.5 (IBO=0; OBO=0.4) 0.6
8PSK 2/3 1.0 (OBO=0.3) 0.6 (IBO=0; OBO=0.4) 0.9
16APSK 3/4 3.2 (OBO=1.7) 1.5 (IBO=1.0; OBO=1.1) 1.8
32APSK 4/5 6.2 (OBO=3.8) 2.8 (IBO=3.6; OBO=2.0) 3.5
Examples of possible uses of the system
Some examples may better clarify the functionalities and flexibility of DVB-S2. Starting from TV
broadcasting using constant coding and modulation, and variable coding and modulation, some
examples are given in the following to cover professional TV applications such as DSNG and DTT
distribution to transmitters. Examples on IP unicast services to consumers are instead available in
[2]. For broadcasting services, only down-link parameters have been evaluated, for satellite EIRPs
of 51 and 53.7 dBW at the service area contour. Conversely, for professional applications, link
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 5 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
6. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
budget evaluations have been carried out for a typical Ku-band 36 MHz satellite with European-wide
up-link and down-link coverage, following the simplified analysis method described in [5]. Ideal
target carrier-to-noise ratios are derived from Fig. 3; implementation margins are included, as
derived from [3] for DVB-S and [6] for DVB-DSNG. The following link characteristics have been
adopted:
Up-link: ITU climatic zone L; frequency: 14.29 GHz; Atmospheric loss and rain attenuation for
99.9% of average year (a.y.): 0.2 + 5.6 dB.
Satellite: G/T(dB/°K): 4.3; transmitted EIRP at saturation: 46.5 dBW.
Down-link: ITU climatic zone K; frequency: 10.99 GHz; antenna efficiency: 60%; coupling loss:
0.5 dB, pointing loss: 0.5 dB; LNB noise figure: 1.1 dB; Atmospheric loss and rain attenuation
for 99.9% a.y.: 0.1 + 2.4 dB.
SDTV and HDTV broadcasting (CCM and VCM)
Table 2 compares DVB-S2 and DVB-S broadcasting services via 36 MHz (at –3 dB) satellite trans-
ponders in Europe, using 60 cm receiving antenna diameters. The example video coding bitrates
are: 4.4 Mbit/s (SDTV) and 18 Mbit/s (HDTV) using traditional MPEG-2 coding, or 2.2 Mbit/s (SDTV)
and 9 Mbit/s (HDTV) using advanced video coding (AVC) systems which the DVB Project is
currently defining for future applications.
The required C/N of the two systems, DVB-S and DVB-S2, have been balanced by exploiting
different transmission modes and by fine tuning the DVB-S2 roll-off factor and symbol rate. The
results confirm the capacity gain of DVB-S2 versus DVB-S, exceeding 30%. Furthermore, by
combining DVB-S2 and AVC coding, an impressive number of 21 to 26 SDTV channels per trans-
ponder are obtained, thus dramatically reducing the cost per channel of the satellite capacity. The
combination of DVB-S2 and new AVC coding schemes can favour the introduction of new HDTV
services, with an adequate number of programmes per transponder (e.g. 5 to 6), reducing the satel-
lite capacity cost increase with respect to current SDTV services.
Table 2
Example comparison between DVB-S and DVB-S2 for TV broadcasting
Satellite EIRP (dBW) 51 53.7
System DVB-S DVB-S2 DVB-S DVB-S2
Modulation & coding QPSK 2/3 QPSK 3/4 QPSK 7/8 8PSK 2/3
Symbol rate (Mbaud) 27.5 (α = 0.35) 30.9 (α = 0.0) 27.5 (α = 0.35) 29.7 (α = 0.25)
C/N (in 27. 5 MHz) (dB) 5.1 5.1 7.8 7.8
Useful bitrate (Mbit/s) 33.8 46 (gain = 36%) 44.4 58.8 (gain = 32%)
Number of SDTV 7 MPEG-2 10 MPEG-2 10 MPEG-2 13 MPEG-2
programmes 15 AVC 21 AVC 20 AVC 26 AVC
Number of HDTV 1-2 MPEG-2 2 MPEG-2 2 MPEG-2 3 MPEG-2
programmes
3 - 4 AVC 5 AVC 5 AVC 6 AVC
The DVB-S2 system may also deliver broadcasting services over multiple Transport Streams,
providing differentiated error protection per multiplex (VCM). A typical application is broadcasting of
a highly protected multiplex for SDTV, and of a less protected multiplex for HDTV. Assuming we
transmit a symbol rate of 27.5 Mbaud and use 8PSK 3/4 and QPSK 2/3 modulation, 40 Mbit/s could
be available for two HDTV programmes and 12 Mbit/s for two to three SDTV programmes, with a
difference in C/N requirements of around 5 dB.
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A. Morello and V. Mignone
7. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
Distribution of multiple MPEG multiplexes to DTT transmitters
Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) is being introduced in many countries around the world. One of
the possible solutions for distributing the MPEG streams to the digital terrestrial transmitters is via
satellite. Current systems are based on DVB-S, allowing the transmission of a single MPEG multi-
plex per signal. The result is that, for the distribution of n MPEG multiplexes, n carriers per trans-
ponder should be transmitted, requiring a large satellite HPA OBO (alternatively, n transponders are
to be used). The adoption of DVB-S2 allows the distribution of multiple MPEG multiplexes using a
single-carrier-per-transponder configuration, thus optimizing the power efficiency by saturating the
satellite HPA. Adaptive coding and modulation is not considered, since multiple stations have to
receive the same signals.
For example, a DVB-S2 signal at the symbol rate of 30 Mbaud may be transmitted on a 36 MHz
transponder using α = 0.20. Thus to transmit two DTT MUXes over DVB-S2 at 24 Mbit/s each, a
spectrum efficiency of 1.6 [bit/s/Hz] is required, corresponding to QPSK 5/6. The required C/N
would be around 6 dB in 30 MHz bandwidth. The target link availability (99.9% a.y.) could be
achieved with a 3 m up-link antenna (EIRP of 64 dBW), near-saturated transponder in clear sky, and
1.2 m receiving antennas at the terrestrial transmitter sites. Using DVB-DSNG with 8PSK 2/3 and
allocating two FDM carriers in 36 MHz at a symbol rate of 13.3 Mbaud, the required C/N would be
9 dB in the receiver bandwidth. To guarantee 99.9% a.y. link availability, the transmitted up-link
EIRP was set to 75 dBW, the transponder gain setting adjusted to achieve OBO = 5.5 dB per carrier
in clear sky and the receiving antenna size could not be less than 2 m. Therefore DVB-S2 would
allow significantly smaller receiving antennas (nearly halved diameters) and cheaper up-link
stations.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation for one-to-one services
When DVB-S2 is used for inter-
active point-to-point applica-
tions like IP unicasting, its gain
over DVB-S is even greater, if
Adaptive Coding and Modula-
tion (ACM) schemes are used.
In fact ACM allows us to
recover the so called “clear sky
margin” (4 to 8 dB of power),
typically wasted in conventional Gateway High bitrate
“constant coding and modula- ACM DVB-S2 forward link
tion” satellite links, thus modulator
doubling or even tripling the
average satellite throughput Modulation & coding
selection C/N+I & MODCOD
and reducing dramatically the signalling
service cost [2]. The ACM gain Source rate Satellite
versus CCM increases for crit- control (*) terminal
Return
ical propagation conditions: channel
therefore ACM is fundamental Info
for the higher frequency bands SOURCE(s) C/N+I measurement
(e.g. Ka band) and for tropical
climatic zones. (*) Source rate control may be directly applied to source(s) or locally at the GTW input,
or via Network Traffic Control
Fig. 4 shows the scheme of an
Figure 4
ACM satellite link, composed of
Block diagram of a DVB-S2 ACM link
an ACM Gateway (GW), the
DVB-S2 ACM modulator, the
up-link station, the Satellite and the Satellite receiving Terminal (ST) connected to the ACM GW via
a return channel. The DVB-S2 ACM modulator operates at constant symbol rate, since the available
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 7 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
8. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
transponder bandwidth is assumed to be constant. ACM is implemented by the DVB-S2 modulator
by transmitting a TDM sequence of frames, where coding and modulation format may change
frame-by-frame. Therefore service continuity is achieved, during rain fades, by reducing user bits
while increasing at the same time the FEC redundancy and/or modulation ruggedness.
Physical layer adaptation is achieved as follows:
1) Each ST measures the channel status (available C/N+I) and reports it via the return channel to
the Gateway (GW);
2) The ST reports are taken into account by the GW while selecting the assigned protection level
for data packets addressed to the ST;
3) In order to avoid information overflow during fades, a user bitrate control mechanism should in
principle be implemented, adapting the offered traffic to the available channel capacity. This can
be implemented in various ways, according to the specific service requirements and network
architecture. The GW imposes error protection, applied to a given portion of user data via suit-
able interfacing mechanisms. With respect to one-to-one services (e.g., DSNG), IP unicast links
using DVB-S2 ACM must adapt the error protection on a user-per-user basis: the number of
users may be very large (e.g. up to hundreds of thousands). Furthermore, direct source rate
control may be impossible, since information sources (IP information providers) are far from the
satellite GW. Further details on this application scenario is given in [2].
A crucial issue in ACM systems is the physical layer adaptation loop delay, as it is strictly linked to
the system capability of tracking channel variations. If loop adaptation is fast, service continuity
may be guaranteed even during fast rain fades while, at the same time, keeping low C/N transmis-
sion margins to maximize the overall system throughput. Since maximum C/N+I variation rates at
Ka band have been estimated to be of about 0.5 dB per second during heavy rain fades [2], and
since the C/N distance between two adjacent DVB-S2 protection levels is around 1 dB, control loop
delays smaller than 1 second should allow minimization of transmission packet losses.
TV contribution and DSNG services using ACM
ACM techniques look very promising to improve the performance of point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint TV contribution links (e.g. DSNG), where a single TS is sent to a unique or multiple (few)
Abbreviations
ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation FDM Frequency Division Multiplex
AHG Ad hoc Group FEC Forward Error Correction
APSK Amplitude Phase-Shift Keying HP High-Priority
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode HPA High Power Amplifier
AVC (MPEG-4) Advanced Video Coding IBO Input Back-Off
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise IP Internet Protocol
BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (code) LDPC Low Density Parity Check
BER Bit-Error Ratio LNB Low-Noise Block
C/N Carrier-to-Noise ratio LP Low-Priority
CCM Constant Coding and Modulation MUX Multiplex / multiplexer / multiplexing
DSNG Digital Satellite News Gathering OBO Output Back-Off
DTT Digital Terrestrial Television OMUX Output Multiplexer
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting PER Packet Error Rate
DVB-S DVB - Satellite PSK Phase-Shift Keying
DVB-S2 DVB - Satellite, version 2 QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase-Shift Keying
ESA European Space Agency TWTA Travelling-Wave-Tube Amplifier
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards VCM Variable Coding and Modulation
Institute
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A. Morello and V. Mignone
9. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
receiving stations. In this case, the TS packets protection must follow the C/N+I variations on the
satellite channel in the receiving location. Constant Transport Stream bitrate and end-to-end delay,
as required by MPEG, may be guaranteed by using DVB-S2 stream adaptation tools which are
described in detail in [2]. In order to avoid stream overflow when the channel throughput is reduced,
a variable bitrate (VBR) video encoder has to be adopted.
Let us consider first the examples of TV contribution services using large transmitting and receiving
stations to access a typical 36 MHz transponder with four FDMA signals. Using the DVB-DSNG
standard and 16QAM 3/4 mode, four TV contribution signals at 18.5 Mbit/s may be allocated in the
transponder (76 dBW up-link EIRP, 14.3 global IBO and 7 m transmitting/receiving antenna diame-
ters, 99.9% a.y. link availability). Using DVB-S2, 16APSK 5/6 and roll-off = 0.2, the information rate
of each link can be increased to 24.75 Mbit/s, thus confirming a bitrate gain of DVB-S2 over DVB-
DSNG of more than 30%. On the other side, keeping the same bitrate as DVB-DSNG, the better
performance of DVB-S2 may be used to significantly decrease the dimension of the transmitting/
receiving antennas down to 4.5 m (8PSK 5/6, 74 dBW up-link EIRP, 13 dB global IBO). With the
same 4.5 m antennas, but adding the ACM functionality of DVB-S2, the useful bitrate would be
increased again to 24.75 Mbit/s, at least under clear sky conditions.
The advantages of DVB-S2 and ACM are also evident for DSNG services. For example, in a 9 MHz
satellite bandwidth slot, a DSNG van with 1.2m antenna (61 dBW up-link EIRP) may transmit
19.8 Mbit/s in clear sky conditions (16APSK 2/3, roll-off = 0.2) and switch to 14.85 Mbit/s under
heavy fading (8PSK 2/3). For sake of comparison, DVB-DSNG with QPSK 7/8 would allow the
transmission of 10.7 Mbit/s only.
As a last example, let us consider a fly-away emergency DSNG station, with a 90 cm antenna and
only 12 W HPA power (99.9% a.y., 49 dBW up-link EIRP, 12 dB global IBO, 4 m receiving antenna,
four signals per transponder). Using DVB-S2 and ACM, 9.9 Mbit/s (QPSK 2/3, roll-off = 0.2) would
be available in clear sky, 8.9 Mbit/s (QPSK 3/5) under typical propagation conditions and 3.68 Mbit/s
(QPSK 1/4) under critical link conditions. This would offer a good picture quality using MPEG-2
video coding, and an excellent quality using new AVC encoders. DVB-S (QPSK 1/2) would require a
5 dB more powerful station to offer a constant bitrate of 6.1 Mbit/s.
Conclusions
The DVB Project does not see DVB-S2 replacing DVB-S in the short term for conventional TV
broadcasting applications. Millions of DVB-S decoders are already operating reliably and contrib-
uting to successful digital satellite businesses around the world. New applications are being envis-
aged for satellite environments such as the delivery of consumer HDTV and the delivery of IP-based
services. Two examples can highlight the revolution we have in front of us. Combining DVB-S2 and
new video and audio coding schemes (e.g. H.264), some 20 – 25 SDTV or 5 – 6 HDTV programmes
may be broadcast in a conventional 36 MHz transponder. In the area of professional TV applica-
tions, the ACM tool may offer very large benefits for one-to-one connections, such as fly-away small
DSNG stations. In these new application areas, DVB-S2 will do what DVB-S could never have
done.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the members of the “DVB-S2 AHG” of the DVB Technical Module for their
excellent contributions during the system design and the provision of many simulation results
presented in this article. In particular we wish to acknowledge Hughes Network Systems (HNS) and
the European Space Agency (ESA).
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 9 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone
10. DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING
Alberto Morello graduated in Electronic Engineering from Turin Polytechnic Univer-
sity in 1982 and took his doctorate degree in 1987. He joined the Research and
Technical Innovation Centre of RAI-Radiotelevisione Italiana in 1984 where he is
now Director. He is engaged in research on digital modulation and coding tech-
niques for video, audio and data transmission and broadcasting – via terrestrial and
satellite channels.
Dr Morello is a member of several international EBU and DVB groups and has par-
ticipated in various EUREKA, ACTS and IST projects. He was Chairman of the DVB
ad-hoc groups which defined the technical specifications for the DVB-S and DVB-
DSNG systems, and now for DVB-S2 system. He is the author of various technical
and scientific articles and has presented numerous papers, relevant to his studies and research work, at
national and international events.
Vittoria Mignone was born in 1966 and received the “Laurea in Ingegneria Elet-
tronica” degree from Turin Polytechnic in 1990.
In 1991, in co-operation with the Electronics Department of Turin Polytechnic, Ms
Mignone was engaged in studies on satellite broadcasting, on behalf of the National
Research Council. Since 1992, she has been with the RAI Research and Technical
Innovation Centre in Turin, involved in studies to define the ETSI Standards for dig-
ital television broadcasting via satellite, cable and terrestrial channels, and for
DSNG. Her current activities are in the field of advanced digital modulation and
channel coding techniques for satellite and terrestrial transmissions. She is the
author of various technical papers.
References
[1] ETSI: Draft EN 302 307: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second generation framing
structure, channel coding and modulation systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Serv-
ices, News Gathering and other broadband satellite applications (DVB-S2).
[2] The DVB-S2 standard for broadband satellite systems
Special Issue of the International Journal of Satellite Communications Networks, 2004.
[3] ETSI: EN 300 421: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding
and modulation for 11/12 GHz satellite services
[4] Chris Weck : Hierarchical modulation — the transmission of two independent DVB-T
multiplexes on a single TV frequency
EBU Technical Review No. 294, April 2003
[5] A. Morello and V. Mignone: New DVB standard for DSNG — and contribution satellite links
EBU Technical Review No. 277, Autumn 1998
[6] ETSI: EN 301 210: DVB: Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for DSNG
and other contribution applications by satellite.
EBU TECHNICAL REVIEW – October 2004 10 / 10
A. Morello and V. Mignone